Astringent Properties : Astringent properties refer to a substance's ability to tighten skin tissues and reduce pore size, often used in skincare to control oil and improve skin texture.

Free Radical Damage : Free radical damage occurs when unstable molecules, caused by environmental factors like UV radiation, damage skin cells, leading to ageing and various skin issues.

Maintain Moisture Levels : Maintaining moisture levels in the skin involves using ingredients that help retain water, ensuring the skin remains hydrated, plump, and healthy.

Cell Regeneration : Cell regeneration is the process by which new skin cells replace old or damaged ones, crucial for maintaining youthful, healthy skin.

Collagen Synthesis : Collagen synthesis is the production of collagen, a protein that provides structure and elasticity to the skin, helping to keep it firm and wrinkle-free.

Balancing Oil Production : Balancing oil production involves regulating the skin's sebum levels to prevent excess oiliness or dryness, contributing to a clear and even complexion.

Amino Acids : Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, essential in skincare for repairing skin tissue and maintaining its strength and resilience.

Minerals : Minerals in skincare provide essential nutrients that support various skin functions, such as healing, hydration, and protection against environmental damage.

Antioxidants : Antioxidants are compounds that neutralise free radicals, protecting the skin from oxidative stress and preventing signs of ageing.

Vitamins : Vitamins in skincare are essential nutrients that support skin health, aiding in functions such as repair, protection, and overall skin vitality.